1.2. 재단 기록(Documents)

데비안이 설립되고 몇년 후, 자유 소프트웨어 프로젝트의 원칙을 따라야한다고 규정화했습니다. 의도된 이 결정은 데비안 프로젝트의 회원들이 분쟁없이 같은 지향점을 따르도록 해줬습니다. 데비안 개발자가 되고 싶다면, 반드시 자신의 협력을 증명하고 재단의 문서(Foundation Documents)에 명시된 원칙을 따라야합니다.

The development process is constantly debated, but these Foundation Documents are widely supported and consensual, and thus rarely change. The Debian constitution also offers other guarantees for their stability: a three-quarter qualified majority is required to approve any amendment.

1.2.1. 사용자에 대한 약속

The project also has a “social contract”. What place does such a text have in a project only intended for the development of an operating system? It is quite simple: Debian works for its users, and thus, by extension, for society. This contract summarizes the commitments that the project undertakes. Let us study them in greater detail:

데비안은 100% 무료로 유지될 것입니다.
규칙 제 1항. 데비안은 완전히 무료이며, 앞으로도 무료로 제공될 것입니다. 또한데비안 프로젝트의 소프트웨어 또한 무료로 제공될 것입니다.
관점 소프트웨어 그 이상
The first version of the Debian Social Contract said “Debian Will Remain 100% Free Software”. The disappearance of this last word (with the ratification of Version 1.1 of the contract in April of 2004) indicates the will to achieve freedom, not only in software, but also in the documentation and any other element that Debian wishes to provide within its operating system.
이 의도된 편집은 엄청난 영향을 끼쳤으며, 특히 몇몇 데비안의 철학에 거스르는 문서를 제거할 수 있게 되었습니다. 더 나아가서, 드라이버에 펌웨어를 사용하는 것이 문제가 되곤 했습니다. 다수의 펌웨어가 유료였고, 하드웨어에 알맞는 작동을 위해서 필수적이었기 때문입니다.
데비안은 유료 부품들을 자유 소프트웨어 단체에게 돌려줄 것입니다.
데비안 프로젝트가 발전하도록 각각의 데비안 계열에 기여하는 부분은 원작자(핵심 개발자)에게 전달됩니다(업 스트림, upstream). 전박적으로 데비안은 베타적으로 일하기 보단, 커뮤니티와 함께 협력할 것입니다.
커뮤니티 업스트림, 제작자에게? 데비안 개발자에게?
The term “upstream author” means the author(s)/developer(s) of a work, those who write and develop it. On the other hand, a “Debian developer” usually uses an existing work to make it into a Debian package - the term “Debian maintainer” is better suited here.
In practice, there can be overlaps between both roles: the Debian maintainer may write a patch, which benefits all users of the work. In general, Debian encourages those in charge of a package in Debian to get involved in “upstream” development as well (they become, then, contributors, without being confined to the role of simple users of a program). Or the Debian developer creates tools or documentation for the Debian distribution, like packaging helpers (e.g. debhelper) or integration frameworks (e.g. ca-certificates) and becomes an “upstream author” for those creations.
데비안은 문제를 숨기지 않겠습니다.
Debian is not perfect, and, there will be new problems to fix every day. Debian will keep its entire bug report database open for public view at all times. Reports that people file on-line will promptly become visible to others.
데비안의 최우선 고려사항은 사용자와 자유 소프트웨어입니다.
이 부분에 대해서 똑부러지게 정의하기 어렵습니다. 하지만, 결정을 내려야할 때는 내리고 사용자의 이용성을 해치는 개발자들의 요행은 막을 것이며, 아무리 어렵다고 한들 최선의 결과와 해결책을 위해 노력할 것입니다. 즉, 데비안은 사용자와 자유 소프트웨어의 이익을 최우선 가치로 두는 것을 의미합니다.
데비안의 자유 소프트웨어 표준을 따르지 않는 작업 및 행위의 경우.
Debian accepts and understands that users may want to use some non-free programs. That is why the project allows usage of parts of its infrastructure to distribute Debian packages of non-free software that can safely be redistributed.
커뮤니티 비자유 소프트웨어에 대해 친화적일까요?
비자유 소프트웨어를 데비안에서 사용할 수 있도록 개발자들이 기여를 하는 부분은 (즉 비자유 부분, 다음 부분을 참고하세요 VOCABULARY The main, contrib and non-free archives) 데비안 커뮤니티의 자주 언급되는 화제입니다.
비자유 소프트웨어 지원에 반대하는 측면에서는 자유 소프트웨어만을 지원하는 원칙을 어긴다는 점과 자유 소프트웨어의 가치를 폄하한다는 점을 들어 주장하고 있습니다. 반면에 찬성하는 측면에서는 비자유 소프트웨어는 대부분 "거의 무료"이며, 단지 두 규정에 대해서만 (상업적 소프트웨어를 금지하는 라이선스 사항들) 위반한다고 반박하고 있습니다. 그리고 비자유 소프트웨어 지원을 할 때, 데비안은 비자유 소프트웨어 항목에 있는 것보다 자유 소프트웨어 항목에 들어있으면 해당 소프트웨어가 더 널리 알려질 수 있고, 더 많이 활용될 수 있다는 점을 간접적으로 언급하여 제작자에게 설득을 합니다. 그래서 대부분 제작자들은 이러한 제안을 받아들이며, 제시한 조건을 이행하기 위해 소프트웨어의 라이선스를 바꿔줍니다 (상업적 -> 자유 소프트웨어 라이선스).
After a first and unfruitful attempt in 2004, the complete removal of the non-free section is unlikely to return to the agenda, especially since it contains many useful documents that were moved simply because they did not meet the new requirements for the main section. This is especially the case for certain software documentation files issued by the GNU project (in particular, Emacs and Make). Many modern systems further also require so called “firmware“, small binary files, which are necessary to run specific hardware. Many of these files can also only be found in the non-free section.
비자유 소프트웨어 항목이 데비안에 있는 것에 대한 부분은 자유 소프트웨어 재단에 있어 언제나 논쟁이 있는 부분입니다. 이 때문에 데비안을 운영체제로 많이 쓰이지 않기도 하죠 (지속적인 상업 소프트웨어 지원이 확실하지 않기 때문).

1.2.2. 데비안 자유 소프트웨어 가이드라인

This reference document defines which software is “free enough” to be included in Debian. If a program's license is in accordance with these principles, it can be included in the main section; on the contrary, and provided that free distribution is permitted, it may be found in the non-free section. The non-free section is not officially part of Debian; it is an added service provided to users. A more detailed explanation of the different parts of the Debian archive can be found in the sidebar VOCABULARY The main, contrib and non-free archives.

데비안을 위한 표준을 넘어서, 이 문서는 "오픈소스 정의"의 기초가 된것 만큼 자유 소프트웨어에 대한 권위를 갖게되었습니다. 이는 역사적으로 "자유 소프트웨어"에 대한 형식을 갖추고 내린 첫 정의입니다.

The GNU General Public License, the BSD License, and the Artistic License are examples of traditional free licenses that follow the 9 points mentioned in this text. Below you will find the text as it is published on the Debian website.

→ https://www.debian.org/social_contract.html#guidelines

무료 재배포.
The license of a Debian component may not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software as a component of an aggregate software distribution containing programs from several different sources. The license may not require a royalty or other fee for such sale.
Source code.
The program must include source code, and must allow distribution in source code as well as compiled form.
Derived works.
The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software.
Integrity of the author's source code.
The license may restrict source code from being distributed in modified form only if the license allows the distribution of “patch files” with the source code for the purpose of modifying the program at build time. The license must explicitly permit distribution of software built from modified source code. The license may require derived works to carry a different name or version number from the original software (This is a compromise. The Debian group encourages all authors not to restrict any files, source or binary, from being modified).
No discrimination against persons or groups.
The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons.
No discrimination against fields of endeavor.
The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in a specific field of endeavor. For example, it may not restrict the program from being used in a business, or from being used for genetic research.
Distribution of license.
The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties.
License must not be specific to Debian.
The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program being part of a Debian system. If the program is extracted from Debian and used or distributed without Debian but otherwise within the terms of the program's license, all parties to whom the program is redistributed should have the same rights as those that are granted in conjunction with the Debian system.
License must not contaminate other software.
The license must not place restrictions on other software that is distributed along with the licensed software. For example, the license must not insist that all other programs distributed on the same medium must be free software.
BACK TO BASICS Copyleft
Copyleft is a principle that consists in using copyrights to guarantee the freedom of a work and its derivatives, rather than restrict the rights of uses, as is the case with proprietary software. It is, also, a play of words on the term “copyright”. Richard Stallman discovered the idea when a friend of his, fond of puns, wrote on an envelope addressed to him: “copyleft: all rights reversed”. Copyleft imposes preservation of all initial liberties upon distribution of an original or modified version of a work (usually a program). It is, thus, not possible to distribute a program as proprietary software if it is derived from code from a copyleft released program.
The most well-known family of copyleft licenses is, of course, the GNU General Public License (GPL) and its derivatives, the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), and the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL). Sadly, the copyleft licenses are generally incompatible with each other. Consequently, it is best to use only one of them.
Example licenses
The “GPL”, “BSD”, and “Artistic” licenses are examples of licenses that we consider “free”.
BACK TO BASICS Free licenses
The GNU GPL, the BSD license, and the Artistic License all comply with the Debian Free Software Guidelines, even though they are very different.
The GNU GPL, used and promoted by the FSF (Free Software Foundation), is the most common. Its main feature is that it also applies to any derived work that is redistributed: a program incorporating or using GPL code can only be distributed according to its terms. It prohibits, thus, any reuse in a proprietary application. This poses serious problems for the reuse of GPL code in free software incompatible with this license. As such, it is sometimes impossible to link a program published under another free software license with a library distributed under the GPL. On the other hand, this license is very solid in American law: FSF lawyers have participated in the drafting thereof, and have often forced violators to reach an amicable agreement with the FSF without going to court.
→ https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html

The BSD license is the least restrictive: everything is permitted, including use of modified BSD code in a proprietary application.
→ https://www.opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php

Finally, the Artistic License reaches a compromise between these two others: integration of code in a proprietary application is permitted, but any modification must be published.
→ https://www.opensource.org/licenses/artistic-license-2.0.php

The complete text of these licenses is available in /usr/share/common-licenses/ on any Debian system (in case of BSD the newer 3-Clause License).

COMMUNITY Bruce Perens, a controversial leader

Bruce Perens was the second leader of the Debian project, just after Ian Murdock. He was very controversial in his dynamic and authoritarian methods. He, nevertheless, remains an important contributor to Debian, to whom Debian is especially indebted for the editing of the famous “Debian Free Software Guidelines” (DFSG), an original idea of Ean Schuessler. Subsequently, Bruce would derive from it the famous “Open Source Definition”, removing all references to Debian from it.

→ https://opensource.org/

His departure from the project was quite emotional, but Bruce has remained strongly attached to Debian, since he continues to promote this distribution in political and economic spheres. He still sporadically appears on the e-mail lists to give his advice and present his latest initiatives in favor of Debian.

Last anecdotal point, it was Bruce who was responsible for inspiring the different “codenames” for Debian versions (1.1 — Rex, 1.2 — Buzz, 1.3 — Bo, 2.0 — Hamm, 2.1 — Slink, 2.2 — Potato, 3.0 — Woody, 3.1 — Sarge, 4.0 — Etch, 5.0 — Lenny, 6.0 — Squeeze, 7 — Wheezy, 8 — Jessie, 9 — Stretch, 10 — Buster, 11 — Bullseye, 12 (not released yet) — Bookworm, Unstable — Sid). They are taken from the names of characters in the Toy Story movie. This animated film entirely composed of computer graphics was produced by Pixar Studios, with whom Bruce was employed at the time that he led the Debian project. The name “Sid” holds particular status, since it will eternally be associated with the Unstable branch. In the film, this character was the neighbor's child who always broke toys — so beware of getting too close to Unstable. Otherwise, Sid is also an acronym for “Still In Development”.